Dengue is a genuine consideration in Vietnam, including in towns and cities. The mosquitoes that spread dengue usually bite during daylight hours, so relying only on a bed net at night misses part of the problem. Chikungunya and Zika are also reported as risks. Zika is especially important if you are pregnant, travelling with a pregnant partner, or planning pregnancy soon after travel. Hepatitis A is commonly recommended for previously unvaccinated travellers because it spreads through contaminated food and water. Typhoid vaccination is also often considered, particularly for longer stays, family visits, frequent travel or trips where food hygiene may be variable. Tetanus should be up to date, especially if medical care could be harder to reach after an injury. Japanese encephalitis occurs countrywide, with higher concern for rural exposure and a seasonal peak from May to October, particularly in the north. Vaccination may be worth discussing for longer rural stays, repeated travel, uncertain routes or evenings near rice fields, wetlands or pig farming areas. Malaria risk is low and mainly linked with some rural areas, including Tay Ninh, Lam Dong, Dak Lak, Gia Lai and Kon Tum. It is not considered a risk in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, the Red River delta, coastal areas north of Nha Trang or Phu Quoc Island. Rabies is present in domestic animals, so animal bites and scratches need urgent medical advice.